For context, we also compared the prevalence of any current maternal smoking in Western versus Eastern countries. The present study compared Western and Eastern countries with respect to the prevalence of both maternal and paternal smoking in the vicinity of children. Although the main focus of the SCHME was on the mental health of European schoolchildren, the survey also included information about parental smoking habits, and in particular, about parental smoking at home in the vicinity of children. To address this gap, we used data from the School Children Mental Health Evaluation project (SCHME), a multisite school-based survey of children aged 6–11 in two Western (Netherlands and Germany) and four Eastern (Romania, Bulgaria, Lithuania, and Turkey) countries in the European region in 2010. This crucial gap in knowledge arises in part because few population-based studies have queried parents about smoking behaviors. Despite an extraordinary body of literature on smoking and SHS, we know little about the frequency of child exposure to parental smoking during childhood. Exposure to smoking at home and in cars has been associated with increased risk of children’s smoking initiation. Parental smoking is the most important predictor of SHS for children and children from impoverished households are more likely to be exposed. Nevertheless, there was an agreement that even in countries where strict legislation is enforced, many children continue to be dangerously exposed to parental second-hand smoke. Īrticle 8 of the World Health Organization Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (2005) requires all signatory countries to adopt measures to protect people from tobacco smoke in indoor workplaces, indoor public places, public transport and other public places as appropriate. In numerous population studies, it has been associated with child mental health problems, particularly hyperactivity, though there is still debate as to whether these associations reflect a causal relationship.
Available data suggest that exposure to parental smoking during childhood may be related to a range of child health problems, and the evidence is strong for child respiratory illnesses. Passive or second hand smoking (SHS) is also detrimental to health and of particular concern for child health. Within the European region, a salient difference is that the current prevalence of smoking is higher in Eastern than Western countries. Differences in the prevalence of smoking have been described across generations, between men and women, and across regions, and related to large corresponding differences in population health and life expectancy. Only one country, however belongs to the strict group.Ĭigarette smoking is a major determinant of health and longevity. Among fathers, however, the relationship with paternal smoking and TCS seems more complex since strict policy increases the risk as well AOR = 1,40.
After control of these covariates lax tobacco control policies, compared to intermediate policies, were associated with a 50% increase in the likelihood of maternal smoking in the vicinity of children adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 1.52 and 1.64. Parents with the highest educational attainment were significantly less likely to smoke in the vicinity of their children than those with the lowest attainment. About a fifth (19.3%) and a tenth (10.0%) of Eastern and Western European mothers, respectively, smoked in the vicinity of their children, and the difference was significant even after adjustment for potential confounders (p<0.001). 35.1%) were currently smoking in but the difference was not statistically significant after adjusting for maternal age and maternal educational attainment. A slightly higher proportion of Eastern compared to Western European mothers (42.4 vs.
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